The Dissenter
My name is Ricardo Lopes, and I’m from Portugal. Thank you for visiting my podcast. Over the past few years, I have conducted and released more than 700 interviews and talks with experts and academics from a variety of areas and disciplines, ranging from the Arts and Philosophy to the Social Sciences and Biology. You will certainly find a subject of your interest covered here. New interviews are released on Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays.
My name is Ricardo Lopes, and I’m from Portugal. Thank you for visiting my podcast. Over the past few years, I have conducted and released more than 700 interviews and talks with experts and academics from a variety of areas and disciplines, ranging from the Arts and Philosophy to the Social Sciences and Biology. You will certainly find a subject of your interest covered here. New interviews are released on Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays.
Episodes

Friday May 17, 2019
Friday May 17, 2019
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Dr. Stephen Shennan is Professor of Theoretical Archaeology in the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. Dr. Shennan focuses on cultural evolution and Darwinian archaeology, applying theories from evolutionary ecology and cladistics to archaeology. In July 2006, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy. He’s the author of several books, including Genes, Memes and Human History: Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Evolution, Mapping Our Ancestors: Phylogenetic Approaches in Anthropology and Prehistory, and The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective.
In this episode, we talk about Darwinian Archaeology. We start off by addressing the differences in terms of theoretical foundations and methodology between traditional Archaeology and Darwinian Archaeology. Then, we talk about we talk about some basilar aspects of the study of cultures, like the importance of innovation, how to delimitate cultures from one another, and “folk science”. In the second part of the interview, we discuss the origins and spread of agriculture, as informed by archaeological findings. We talk about how agriculture spread through Europe, and aspects related to demography, diet, famine and disease. At the end, Dr. Shennan also explains what the Neolithic was about.
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Follow Dr. Shennan’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2JJ7nvM
Articles on Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2Xw556c
Academia.edu profile: https://bit.ly/2FGbEwd
Amazon page: https://amzn.to/2Ot9hiV
Referrenced books/articles:
Genes, Memes and Human History: https://amzn.to/2uwm7UE
Mapping Our Ancestors: https://amzn.to/2TXYrYl
The First Farmers of Europe: https://amzn.to/2TYGYPy
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Thursday May 16, 2019
#177 Azim Shariff: The Science of Religion, Morality, And Self-Driving Cars
Thursday May 16, 2019
Thursday May 16, 2019
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Anchor (podcast): https://anchor.fm/thedissenter
Dr. Azim Shariff is Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is a social psychologist whose research focuses on where morality intersects with religion, cultural attitudes and economics. Another rapidly expanding part of his research looks at human-technology interactions and the ethics of automation, including self-driving cars.
In this episode, we talk about the science of religion, and the ethics of self-driving cars. First, we refer to the role that the science of religion plays in the integration of the Humanities and the Sciences. Then, we address the prosocial and moral aspects of religion, starting with the role that Big Gods played in allowing for cohesion in large societies, and also the traits that work better in them. Also, why it is more difficult to explain religious misbelief than religious thinking. Finally, we discuss the ethics of self-driving cars, what people prefer to be their decisions, and what the future might hold for this technology.
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Follow Dr. Shariff’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2U4Xj4b
Articles on Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2NCo2PZ
The Science of Religion MOOC (Edx): https://bit.ly/2lsl41X
Twitter handle: @azimshariff
Paper referenced in the interview + comment:
Complex societies precede moralizing gods
throughout world history
Complex societies precede moralizing gods throughout world history: https://go.nature.com/2CxTVoy
Corrected analyses show that moralizing gods precede complex societies but serious data concerns remain: https://psyarxiv.com/jwa2n
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Thursday May 16, 2019
#75 Andrew Thomas: Human Mating, Differences, and the Concept of Gender
Thursday May 16, 2019
Thursday May 16, 2019
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Dr. Andrew Thomas is a Lecturer in Psychology at Swansea University, UK. His research is concerned with the differences in mating strategies within and between the sexes. This includes environmental and social factors which contribute to this variance and whether mating preferences themselves are reactive to environmental changes over short term periods. He also has a secondary interest in cyber-psychology and online interaction; particularly how one represents oneself using internet avatars and aliases.
In this episode, we talk about some of the knowledge coming from evolutionary psychology about the mating preferences of men and women, and also about some of the research from Dr. Thomas on that matter. More specifically, we discuss if the idea of more than 2 genders has any scientific plausibility, and if and gender are two distinct entities; the model of Males Compete Females Choose (MCFC) that is still dominant in evolutionary psychology, and the alternative of MMC (Mutual Mate Choice); and we end up addressing some of studies done in cyberpsychology, namely in online games and social media, and their limitations.
Time Links:
00:33 differences in mating strategies
06:47 Are there more than two genders?
15:40 Are and gender two separate things?
19:16 Do males compete and females choose?
27:14 Do women invest more than men in their offspring?
32:13 Do people care about the number of people their partners slept with?
36:16 Cyberpsychology, and can we generalize from virtual to real-life situations?
43:54 Studying differences on social media and dating websites
47:38 Do virtual environments properly emulate real-life situations?
50:36 Follow Dr. Thomas’ work
--
Follow Dr. Thomas’ work:
Faculty page: https://tinyurl.com/y9ymb8f9
And a couple of papers.
Mating strategy flexibility in the laboratory: Preferences for long- and short-term mating change in response to evolutionarily relevant variables: https://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(17)30017-X/abstract
The Ape That Thought It Was a Peacock: Does Evolutionary Psychology Exaggerate Human Differences?: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1047840X.2013.804899
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Wednesday May 15, 2019
#74 Christopher Chabris: The Invisible Gorilla, and Other Cognitive Illusions
Wednesday May 15, 2019
Wednesday May 15, 2019
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Christopher Chabris is a Professor at Geisinger, an integrated healthcare system in Pennsylvania, and a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France. He has taught at Union College and Harvard University. He received his Ph.D. in psychology and A.B. in computer science from Harvard. His research focuses on attention, intelligence (individual, collective, and social), behavior genetics, and decision-making. His work has been published in leading journals including Science, Nature, PNAS, Psychological Science, Perception, and Cognitive Science. Chris is also co-author of the bestselling book The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us, published in 20 languages.
In this episode, we center the conversation around the book The Invisible Gorilla, and we go through all of the cognitive illusions covered there. Topics include: illusions of attention; illusions of memory; illusions of confidence; illusions of knowledge; illusions of cause; illusions of potential; and how to counter their negative effects.
Time Links:
Are illusions errors of cognition?
06:30 Illusions of attention, or why can’t you see the gorilla
13:35 Our memory doesn’t work like a video camera (illusions of memory)
16:22 Are cognitive illusions innate or cultural constructs?
20:49 Being overconfident (illusions of confidence)
29:21 We think we know much more than we do (illusions of knowledge)
34:39 The sunk cost fallacy
36:23 Seeing causal relations everywhere (illusions of cause)
41:06 Believing that we are capable of anything (illusions of potential)
44:30 Ways to counter cognitive illusions
50:48 Follow Dr. Chabris’ work
--
Follow Dr. Chabris’ work:
Personal website: http://www.chabris.com/
Book The Invisible Gorilla: https://tinyurl.com/ycl3352y
Twitter handle: @cfchabris
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Tuesday May 14, 2019
#73 Richard Nisbett: What Social Psychology Tells Us About Cognition
Tuesday May 14, 2019
Tuesday May 14, 2019
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PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Richard Nisbett is the Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished Professor of social psychology and co-director of the Culture and Cognition program at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He was the recipient of the Donald T. Campbell Award from the American Psychological Association in 1982, and he’s a Guggenheim fellow. He’s also the author of several books, including Culture of Honor, The Geography of Thought, and Mindware.
In today’s episode, we talk about some of the work by Dr. Nisbett on social psychology and human cognition. More specifically: his views on the innate and evolutionary bases of cognition; different cognitive defaults between Eastern and Western peoples; the fact that cognition works mostly at a subconscious level; and cultural differences between northern and southern states of the US, and some of their social and political implications.
Time Links:
00:44 How human cognition works
02:34 Culture-gene coevolution
09:33 Is cognition partly innate?
12:38 Evolutionary psychology and the modularity of the mind
14:44 Cognition in Eastern and Western peoples
25:50 What elements of culture influence cognition?
35:48 Culture is not deterministic
39:37 Cognition occurs mostly at a subconscious level
43:44 Post-hoc rationalizations
46:08 Cultural differences between northern and southern states in the US
55:52 Follow Dr. Nisbett’s work
--
Follow Dr. Nisbett’s work:
Faculty page: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nisbett/
Books: https://tinyurl.com/ybpqa89z
Try the MOOC “Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age”: https://www.coursera.org/learn/mindware
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Monday May 13, 2019
#176 John Brooke: Environmental History, And The Anthropocene
Monday May 13, 2019
Monday May 13, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Dr. John Brooke is Arts & Sciences Distinguished Professor of History, Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Ohio State University Center for Historical Research. He is also the co-chair of the 2011-2012 Program: Disease, Health, and Environment in Global History. In 2007-2008 he served as the president of the Society of Historians of the Early American Republic. His teaching areas include Early American History and Environmental History. His most recent book, Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, published in 2014, examines the long material and natural history of the human condition.
In this episode, we talk about Dr. Brooke’s book, Climate Change and the Course of Global History, and about the discipline of Environmental History. We start with a definition of the discipline, and its objects of study, and then go through some of the major evolutionary steps in our History, like the development of culture and agriculture. Then we refer to how climate fluctuations played a role in the crash of societies since the advent of agriculture, and also the role of epidemics and war. We also talk about a recent study about how the arrival of Europeans in the Americas contributed to the death of the death of 55 million people and a drop in global temperatures. After that, we discuss the environmental conditions that favored the development of the industrial revolution in Northern Europe, and how it also might have contributed to the abolishment of slavery. Toward the end, we talk about the Anthropocene, and human-made climate change, and how to best tackle it, and also the relationship between Environmental History and Big History, and using energy/energy density as a common metric from Physics to History.
--
Follow Dr. Brooke’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2HzW1IN
Articles on Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2BWELZI
Climate Change and the Course of Global History: https://amzn.to/2Hdz5OF
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Monday May 13, 2019
#72 Randy Thornhill: Why Men Rape, and How to Prevent It With Science
Monday May 13, 2019
Monday May 13, 2019
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PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Randy Thornhill is an American entomologist and evolutionary biologist. He is a professor of biology at the University of New Mexico, and was president of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society from 2011 to 2013. He is known for his evolutionary explanation of rape as well as his work on insect mating systems and the parasite-stress theory. He’s the author of several books, including A Natural History of Rape, and The Parasite-Stress Theory of Values and Sociality.
In this episode, we focus on the main topics of Dr. Thornhill’s book, A Natural History of Rape (https://tinyurl.com/yaad244x). We explore the evolutionary bases of rape; the differences and optimal sexual strategies that give rise to it; why women suffer so much from it, and the possible social consequences; what’s wrong with social constructionist theories of rape, and why don’t really help the victims of with its prevention; and science-based solutions to it.
Time Links:
00:40 How evolutionary theory helps us understand rape better
04:14 differences in sexual strategies
07:40 Why is rape so painful to women?
10:30 The risk for women to lose a male partner after getting raped
11:41 Traits the pose an increasing risk of rape for women
19:38 Rape is not a cultural construct
21:16 Signs of physical violence and resistance reduce mate leaving
25:48 Are men also victims of rape?
29:12 Why social constructionist theories of rape don’t help
34:48 Science-based policies to prevent rape
43:01 Is advice for women to prevent rape sexist, or “victim-blaming”?
45:43 Evolutionary theory applied to clinical psychology
47:08 Follow Dr. Thornhill’s work
--
Follow Dr. Thornhill’s work:
Faculty page: http://biology.unm.edu/Thornhill/rthorn.htm
Books: https://tinyurl.com/y95a5myn
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Saturday May 11, 2019
#71 Massimo Pigliucci: The Philosophy of Pseudoscience
Saturday May 11, 2019
Saturday May 11, 2019
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PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Massimo Pigliucci is Professor of Philosophy at CUNY-City College, formerly co-host of the Rationally Speaking Podcast, and formerly the editor in chief for the online magazine Scientia Salon. He’s also the author of several books, including Phenotypic Plasticity, Philosophy of Pseudoscience, and How to Be a Stoic.
In today’s episode, we talk about how we can demarcate pseudoscience from science. We go more specifically into certain criteria, like falsifiability, predictability, explicability, and replicability; the distinction between pseudoscience and anti-science; and we also discuss if science, in the end, is a cultural construct, though not as the postmoderns would have it.
Time Links:
00:43 What is the demarcation problem?
02:41 Falsifiability
09:32 Predictability and explicability
13:50 Is there a set of criteria that infallibly identify something as scientific?
22:21 The disunity of science
26:52 The problem with replicability
35:38 Is it important to distinguish pseudoscience from anti-science?
38:28 The example of Intelligent Design
39:55 Why is it important to properly distinguish science from pseudoscience?
43:17 Is science a cultural construct?
50:15 Is reliance on science experts an argument from authority?
54:24 Follow Dr. Pigliucci’s work
--
Follow Dr. Pigliucci’s work:
Faculty page: https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/profiles/massimo-pigliucci
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/mpigliucci/
Books: https://tinyurl.com/yc6tq7ym
Twitter handle: @mpigliucci
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Friday May 10, 2019
#175 Nicole Barbaro: Mating, Life History, Attachment, And Mate Guarding
Friday May 10, 2019
Friday May 10, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Nicole Barbaro is currently a PhD student in evolutionary psychology at Oakland University, studying under the advisement of Todd K. Shackelford. She serves as the Student Representative of the Executive Council for the Human Behavior and Evolution Society. She also serves on the Editorial Board as a Review Editor for Frontiers in Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, as well as a Section Editor for the Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Her interests are in human sexual psychology and behavior, including application of life history theory and sperm competition theory.
In this episode, our discussion is focused on human mating, life history theory, attachment theory and attachment styles, and also mate guarding and mate retention strategies. We first refer to the many dimensions of human mating, and the innate and environmental aspects of it. Then, we talk about the types of attachment that we have, and how they related to how we establish romantic relationships. We also refer to the specific case of coalitional mate retention strategies. Finally, we discuss the role of marriage and children in romantic relationships, and pair-bonding, parental investment and cooperative breeding in humans.
--
Follow Dr. Nicole’s work:
Website: https://www.nicolebarbaro.com/
Articles of Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2TQs0eg
Twitter handle: @NicoleBarbaro
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Friday May 10, 2019
#70 Redouan Bshary: Game Theory and Animal Social Behavior
Friday May 10, 2019
Friday May 10, 2019
------------------Support the channel------------
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter
PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Redouan Bshary is Ordinary Professor of Eco-ethology at the Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland. His research is focused on cooperation within and between species (mutualism), making use of game theoretic models. He also studies links between game theoretic approaches, animal cognition and behavioral endocrinology.
In this episode, we talk about game theory in the studying of animal social behavior. Topics include cleaning mutualism in fish; the cognitive tools necessary for social behavior; what are evolutionarily stable strategies; the importance of the environment and development, and not just genetics; endocrinology and behavior; one-on-one vs collective dynamics; group selection in humans.
Time Links:
00:36 Game theory and the studying of animal social behavior
02:13 Cleaning mutualism in fish
05:30 Is there a minimum cognition for cooperative behavior?
07:18 What is an evolutionarily stable strategy, and how does it develop?
10:02 The importance of the environment and development
15:23 Hormones respond to the environment
17:01 One-on-one interactions vs collective interactions
19:25 About group selection
23:38 Comparative studies between other animal species and humans
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g
------------------Follow me on / Sigam-me---------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo

Thursday May 09, 2019
Thursday May 09, 2019
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Dr. Michael Muthukrishna is an Assistant Professor of Economic Psychology at the London School of Economics. His other affiliations include Research Associate of the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Affiliate of the Developmental Economics Group at STICERD, and Technical Director of The Database of Religious History. His research focuses on the psychological and evolutionary processes that underlie culture and how culture is transmitted, maintained, and modified. He’s interested in better understanding the dynamic relationship between “cultures” and individuals, where cultures emerge from the interactions of individuals over time, who are in turn shaped by the emergent cultures they constitute. He’s particularly interested in the application of research in cultural evolution to public policy.
In this episode, we first talk about the interplay between biology and culture in explaining large-scale human cooperation, and the biological bases of human culture. We then refer to the Cultural Brain Hypothesis, the relationship between individual-level psychology and group-level traits, genetic and cultural evolution, and contentious topic of group selection. Finally, we talk about prosocial institutions, and political corruption and how societies might promote it and also common strategies to fight it that might backfire.
--
Follow Dr. Muthukrishna’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2JrvYoU
Articles of Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2XvyygB
Twitter handle: @mmuthukrishna
Referenced papers/concepts/books:
The Baldwin Effect: https://bit.ly/2Hy1krY
Cultural Evolution: https://bit.ly/2FkrdIh
The Secret of Our Success (Joe Henrich): https://amzn.to/2OiZWtP
A Different Kind of Animal (Rob Boyd): https://amzn.to/2FpsdMy
Darwin's Unfinished Symphony (Kevin Laland): https://amzn.to/2Frhm50
This View of Life (David S. Wilson): https://amzn.to/2HHVjs9
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Thursday May 09, 2019
#69 Peter Carruthers: Innate Human Cognition
Thursday May 09, 2019
Thursday May 09, 2019
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Dr. Peter Carruthers is a British-American philosopher and cognitive scientist working primarily in the area of philosophy of mind, though he has also made contributions to philosophy of language and ethics. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Maryland, College Park, associate member of the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program and member of the Committee for Philosophy and the Sciences. He’s also the author of many books, like The Philosophy of Psychology, The Architecture of the Mind, and the editor of the trilogy Innate Mind.
In this episode, we talk about what is innate in the human mind; the theory of the massive modularity of the human mind, or how the mind is composed of cognitive modules, each dealing with particular sorts of information; the content of our thoughts; the role that language plays in cognition; and how to conjugate innateness with development flexibility.
Time Links:
00:44 How is the mind innate?
03:50 Is our cognition composed of modules?
09:53 The evolutionary bases of cognition
13:49 Why we don’t have only general-domain learning mechanisms
15:24 About the prenatal environment
18:12 The content of our thoughts
20:47 The role of language in cognition
24:19 Creativity in evolution
27:39 What is creativity about?
35:02 How does innateness allow for flexibility during development?
37:40 Follow Dr. Carruthers’ work
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Wednesday May 08, 2019
#68 Jerry Z. Muller: History and Philosophy of Capitalism
Wednesday May 08, 2019
Wednesday May 08, 2019
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Dr. Jerry Muller is Ordinary Professor of History at the Catholic University of America, where he teaches courses on historical and contemporary subjects, including capitalism; nationalism; conservatism; the history of social, political, economic, and religious thought; and modern German and Jewish history. He’s also the author of books like The Mind and the Market, Capitalism and the Jews, and, the most recent one, The Tyranny of Metrics.
In this episode, we talk about the conditions that favored the development of the industrial revolution in England; the philosophy of capitalism, and the several disputes; the relevance of Marxism; capitalism and its varieties; the importance of economic inequality; and Dr. Muller’s latest book, The Tyranny of Metrics.
Time Links:
00:43 The advent of the industrial revolution in England
05:28 Philosophical disputes in the early days of capitalism
11:55 Adam Smith and the invisible hand of the market
19:47 Justus Möser and the conservative critique of capitalism
23:11 Is Marx still relevant?
29:10 What opponents and proponents of capitalism have in common
35:50 The varieties of capitalism
41:31 Economic inequality, and to what degree it is a problem
48:37 The Tyranny of Metrics
53:31 Follow Dr. Muller’s work
--
Follow Dr. Muller’s work:
Faculty page: https://history.catholic.edu/faculty-and-research/faculty-profiles/muller-jerry/index.html
Twitter handle: @jerryzmuller
Books: https://tinyurl.com/ybmgmfl8
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Tuesday May 07, 2019
#67 Martin Schaefer: The Right Way to Preserve Biodiversity
Tuesday May 07, 2019
Tuesday May 07, 2019
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Dr. Martin Schaefer is a former Professor of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology of the University of Freiburg, Germany. Now, he’s leading a conservation NGO, Fundación Jocotoco (www.fjocotoco.org), based in Ecuador.
In this episode, we talk about the conservation of endangered species, what biological aspects should be taken into consideration, and how to best canalize our efforts and resources. We also talk a little bit about the work Dr. Schaefer is doing at Fundación Jocotoco, in Ecuador. Topics include: the importance of genetic diversity, and its interplay with climate change; range sizes; species and environments that are more vulnerable to climate change; the risk coming from new pathogens and parasites; respecting each species sociality; and aiming at preserving biodiversity, and not particular species.
Time Links:
00:31 The importance of genetic diversity in conservationism of endangered species
03:46 The interplay between climate change and genetic diversity
07:00 Range size
09:40 Regions in the Earth where species are more vulnerable to climate change
12:40 Interactions with new pathogens and parasitic agents
17:49 Taking species’ sociality into account
24:21 Conserving biodiversity, and not particular species
28:22 Fundación Jocotoco in Ecuador, its aims and goals
--
Please visit the website of Fundación Jocotoco, and support it: http://www.fjocotoco.org/
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Monday May 06, 2019
Monday May 06, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Dr. Belén López-Pérez is a Lecturer in Psychology at Liverpool Hope University in the UK, where she also directs the ChildLab. She concluded her PhD in Social psychology at Universidad Autonoma de Madrid in 2012, and her Postdoctoral research in Social and Developmental Psychology in the School of Psychology at Plymouth University. Her research interests include empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation across the lifespan, as well as happiness and wellbeing. Her current research projects are focused on interpersonal emotion regulation in childhood and developmental differences in emotion goals (i.e., what people would like to feel in different contexts).
In this episode, we talk about empathy, emotion regulation, and the unexpected relationship between empathy and cruelty. First, we talk about the several cognitive and emotional dimensions of empathy. Then, we discuss emotion regulation and how it relates to empathy, as well as the developmental stages children go through when it comes to emotion regulation. We also refer to the relationship between emotion regulation and happiness, and the perils of focusing too much on happiness. Finally, we talk about the relationship between empathy and cruelty.
--
Follow Dr. López-Pérez’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2JjNv28
Articles of Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2H9tY1W
Cruel to be kind: should you sometimes be bad for another’s good? (Aeon): https://bit.ly/2T7IYUZ
Emodiscovery: http://emodiscovery.com/
Relevant papers:
Can empathic concern be generalized from one person to others? Another positive side of the ‘one-among-others’ effect: https://bit.ly/2JiG1wy
Cruel to Be Kind: Factors Underlying Altruistic Efforts to Worsen Another Person’s Mood: https://bit.ly/2HBxnXh
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Monday May 06, 2019
#66 David Gorski: Science-Based Medicine, Fighting Quackery
Monday May 06, 2019
Monday May 06, 2019
------------------Support the channel------------
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PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. David Gorski is a surgical oncologist at the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute specializing in breast cancer surgery, where he also serves as the Medical Director of the Alexander J. Walt Comprehensive Breast Center. He’s also Professor of Surgery and Oncology at the Wayne State University School of Medicine, and faculty of the Graduate Program in Cancer Biology. He’s also the Managing Editor of Science-Based Medicine (https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/).
In this episode, we talk about the great online publication, Science-Based Medicine, founded by Dr. Steven Novella, and the history of it, and the motivation behind its creation; the many deceiving ways complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has to further its agenda; if there is any alternative medicine worth trying, and some of the most its dangerous proposals; and some very good advice for people to avoid getting into CAM, and wasting their money.
Time Links:
00:44 The history of Science-Based Medicine
08:53 Is alternative medicine politically and academically stronger nowadays?
13:53 Why “Science-Based Medicine”?
22:30 The manipulation with the term CAM/integrative medicine
29:22 Is any alternative medicine worth trying?
31:21 What are the most dangerous things alternative therapists advocate for?
37:03 Have Dr. Gorski ever changed his mind about some alternative medicine?
39:15 Do we already know about all alternative therapies that exist?
42:11 The best advice for people to avoid CAM
44:21 Why do people so easily get into CAM
48:43 Follow Mr. Gorski’s work
--
Follow Dr. Gorski’s work:
Personal page on Science-Based Medicine: https://tinyurl.com/y8robxod
Twitter handle: @gorskon
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Saturday May 04, 2019
#65 Dale Purves: How Perception and Cognition Work
Saturday May 04, 2019
Saturday May 04, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Dr. Dale Purves is Geller Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus at the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, at Duke University. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1989 for his work on neural development and synaptic plasticity. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine. He is the author of many books, including Principles of Neural Development, and Brains: How they Seem to Work, and also the lead author on the textbooks Neuroscience, and Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience. His research during the last 15 years has sought to explain why we see and hear what we do, focusing on the visual perception of lightness, color, form, and motion, and the auditory perception of music and speech.
In this episode, we talk how perception evolved and works; how our cognitive systems have an innate structural organization, but also allow for neuroplasticity at the same time; what are illusions; if there’s any direct relation between conscious perception and the production of behavior, as when we’re driving and thinking about something, and not consciously aware of our surroundings; understanding perception in wholly empirical terms; and the proper way to look at the relationship between perception and reality as such.
Time Links:
01:08 The evolutionary basis of perception
07:09 Do our brains make inferences based on limited information?
08:48 How do we combine innate structural organization with neuroplasticity?
10:46 Our brains contain innate information in the way they’re structured
12:57 Fixed action patterns, or “instincts”
13:52 Are illusions errors in cognition?
16:08 Is there any direct relation between conscious perception and the production of behavior?
18:36 Understanding vision (and perception) in wholly empirical terms
22:30 Putting aside the distinction between “reality as such” and our experience of reality
24:59 What is “real”?
26:46 Follow Dr. Purves’ work!
--
Follow Dr. Purves’ work:
Purves Lab: http://purveslab.net/
Faculty page: https://dibs.duke.edu/scholars/dale-purves
Books: https://tinyurl.com/yc7etryp
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Friday May 03, 2019
#172 Joseph Carroll: Literary Darwinism, Postmodernism, And The Humanities
Friday May 03, 2019
Friday May 03, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Anchor (podcast): https://anchor.fm/thedissenter
Dr. Joseph Carroll is a scholar in the field of literature and evolution. He is currently Curators’ Professor at the University of Missouri–St. Louis, where he has taught since 1985. Dr. Carroll's Evolution and Literary Theory was one of the first literary studies to "take the cue from important developments in disciplines such as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary anthropology, and sociobiology," seeing evolutionary biology as an alternative to poststructuralism and rejecting poststructuralism's textualism (the notion that world is made of words) and indeterminancy (the self-subverting character of "discourse"). He’s also the author of Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature and Literature, Reading Human Nature, Graphing Jane Austen, has also produced an edition of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, co-edited volumes 1 and 2 of The Evolutionary Review, and co-edited Evolution, Literature, and Film: A Reader.
In this episode, we discuss Literary Darwinism. We talk about important insights that came from sociobiology and evolutionary psychology and how that helped get past approaches like poststructuralism and deconstructionism. We also talk about the interplay between culture and biology, and some of the most relevant aspects of human psychology in literature, as well as how to properly talk about social and cultural constructs with biology at their basis. We go through some of the most distinct approaches and hypotheses put forth by evolutionary theorists as to the biological bases of the arts and literature and how they work, from Pinker’s mental cheesecake, to E. O. Wilson’s imaginative virtual worlds, to Geoffrey Miller and sexual selection, and to Gad Saad’s consumer behavior and cognitive modules at the basis of fiction. We also refer to human universals and Jungian archetypes. Finally, we talk about how to approach the study of meaning in literature, and in what ways Darwinism and evolutionary theory can contribute to the modernization of the Humanities.
--
Follow Dr. Carroll’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2Ji3u0E
Personal website: https://bit.ly/2HmjqgD
Articles of Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2GR6wH9
Academia.edu profile: https://bit.ly/2CmiuVz
Books: https://amzn.to/2JfwlCI
Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture: https://esiculture.com/

Friday May 03, 2019
Patricia Churchland Part 2: Self, Morality, Reductionism, Meaning of Life
Friday May 03, 2019
Friday May 03, 2019
------------------Support the channel------------
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter
PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Part 2 of the conversation with Dr. Patricia Churchland: Self, Morality, Reductionism, Meaning of Life.
Time Links:
00:00 Is there a “self”?
02:36 Morality in the brain
09:33 Free will and personal responsibility
20:06 Reductionism vs emergentism
27:00 Can Philosophy become obsolete?
29:24 Science and the meaning of life
35:35 Follow Dr. Churchland’s work
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

Thursday May 02, 2019
#171 Peter Smith: Bullying, Cyberbullying and Children’s Development
Thursday May 02, 2019
Thursday May 02, 2019
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------------------Follow me on---------------------
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Dr. Professor Peter K. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. His research interest is children’s social development. He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society, the Association of Psychological Sciences, and the Academy of Social Sciences.
In this episode, we focus on bullying and cyberbullying. We first discuss the definition of bullying, from a developmental psychological perspective, bullying and child development, the types of bullying, bullying in infancy and adolescence, and also the personality traits that predispose children and adolescents do be either perpetrators or victims of bullying. Then, we talk about the peculiar case of cyberbullying, and in what ways it differs from traditional bullying, and also historical trends in bullying.
--
Follow Dr. Smith’s work:
Faculty page: https://bit.ly/2T59yJB
Articles of Researchgate: https://bit.ly/2SB0jAy
Books: https://amzn.to/2T21RE5
Anti-Bullying Alliance: https://bit.ly/2vwwtFG
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BRIAN RIVERA, ADRIANO ANDRADE, YEVHEN BODRENKO, SERGIU CODREANU, ADAM BJERRE, JUSTIN WATERS, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK AND AIRES ALMEIDA!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY FIRST PRODUCER, Yzar Wehbe!

Thursday May 02, 2019
Patricia Churchland Part 1: Neurophilosophy, Epistemology, and Consciousness
Thursday May 02, 2019
Thursday May 02, 2019
------------------Support the channel------------
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter
PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter
------------------Follow me on---------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT
Part 1 of the conversation with Dr. Patricia Churchland: Neurophilosophy, Epistemology, and Consciousness.
Time Links:
00:55 What is neurophilosophy?
04:50 The philosophical relevance of the structure of our nervous system
10:43 Does neurophilosophy give ground to other philosophical disciplines?
18:11 Kant’s distinction between the phenomenon and the numenon
21:25 Do we have a priori knowledge?
27:36 Evolutionary Psychology and cognitive modules
37:02 The problems of consciousness
43:54 António Damásio’s hierarchy of consciousness
--
A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE!
I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018:
https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo
And check out my playlists on:
PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km
PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p
ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g
